Algebra II: Common Core Standards

Unit 1: Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Relationships 18 standards

• HSN.CN.A.1 Know there is a complex number i such that i² = -1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real.
• HSN.CN.A.2 Use the relation i² = -1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.
• HSN.CN.C.7 Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions.
• HSN.CN.C.8 (+) Extend polynomial identities to the complex numbers. For example, rewrite x² + 4 as (x + 2i)(x - 2i).(+)
• HSN.CN.C.9 (+) Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; show that it is true for quadratic polynomials.(+)
• HSA.SSE.A.1 Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.^*★
  • HSA.SSE.A.1.a Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients.
  • HSA.SSE.A.1.b Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. For example, interpret P(1+r)ⁿ as the product of P and a factor not depending on P.
• HSA.SSE.A.2 Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it. For example, see x⁴ - y⁴ as (x²)² - (y²)², thus recognizing it as a difference of squares that can be factored as (x² - y²)(x² + y²).
• HSA.SSE.B.4 Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series (when the common ratio is not 1), and use the formula to solve problems. For example, calculate mortgage payments.^*★
• HSA.APR.A.1 Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication; add, subtract, and multiply polynomials.
• HSA.APR.B.2 Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x - a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x - a) is a factor of p(x).
• HSA.APR.B.3 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• HSA.APR.C.4 Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships. For example, the polynomial identity (x² + y²)² = (x² - y²)² + (2xy)² can be used to generate Pythagorean triples.
• HSA.APR.C.5 (+) Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (x + y)ⁿ in powers of x and y for a positive integer n, where x and y are any numbers, with coefficients determined for example by Pascal's Triangle.¹(+)Note: The Binomial Theorem can be proved by mathematical induction or by a combinatorial argument.
• HSA.APR.D.6 Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms; write ^a(x)/_b(x) in the form q(x) + ^r(x)/_b(x), where a(x), b(x), q(x), and r(x) are polynomials with the degree of r(x) less than the degree of b(x), using inspection, long division, or, for the more complicated examples, a computer algebra system.
• HSA.APR.D.7 (+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions.(+)
• HSA.REI.A.2 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.
• HSA.REI.D.11 Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x); find the solutions approximately, e.g., using technology to graph the functions, make tables of values, or find successive approximations. Include cases where f(x) and/or g(x) are linear, polynomial, rational, absolute value, exponential, and logarithmic functions.^*★
• HSF.IF.C.7 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.^*★
  • HSF.IF.C.7.a Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima, and minima.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.b Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.c Graph polynomial functions, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.d (+) Graph rational functions, identifying zeros and asymptotes when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.(+)
  • HSF.IF.C.7.e Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude.

Unit 2: Trigonometric Functions 4 standards

• HSF.TF.A.1 Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle.
• HSF.TF.A.2 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• HSF.TF.B.5 Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline.^*★
• HSF.TF.C.8 Prove the Pythagorean identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.

Unit 3: Modeling with Functions 14 standards

• HSA.CED.A.1 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.★
• HSA.CED.A.2 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.★
• HSA.CED.A.3 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in a modeling context. For example, represent inequalities describing nutritional and cost constraints on combinations of different foods.★
• HSA.CED.A.4 Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations. For example, rearrange Ohm's law V = IR to highlight resistance R.★
• HSF.IF.B.4 For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Key features include: intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maximums and minimums; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.^*★
• HSF.IF.B.5 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. For example, if the function h(n) gives the number of person-hours it takes to assemble n engines in a factory, then the positive integers would be an appropriate domain for the function.^*★
• HSF.IF.B.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.^*★
• HSF.IF.C.7 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.^*★
  • HSF.IF.C.7.a Graph linear and quadratic functions and show intercepts, maxima, and minima.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.b Graph square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.c Graph polynomial functions, identifying zeros when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.
  • HSF.IF.C.7.d (+) Graph rational functions, identifying zeros and asymptotes when suitable factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.(+)
  • HSF.IF.C.7.e Graph exponential and logarithmic functions, showing intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing period, midline, and amplitude.
• HSF.IF.C.8 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function.
  • HSF.IF.C.8.a Use the process of factoring and completing the square in a quadratic function to show zeros, extreme values, and symmetry of the graph, and interpret these in terms of a context.
  • HSF.IF.C.8.b Use the properties of exponents to interpret expressions for exponential functions. For example, identify percent rate of change in functions such as y = (1.02)ᵗ, y = (0.97)ᵗ, y = (1.01)12ᵗ, y = (1.2)ᵗ/10, and classify them as representing exponential growth or decay.
• HSF.IF.C.9 Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions). For example, given a graph of one quadratic function and an algebraic expression for another, say which has the larger maximum.
• HSF.BF.A.1 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.^*★
  • HSF.BF.A.1.a Determine an explicit expression, a recursive process, or steps for calculation from a context.
  • HSF.BF.A.1.b Combine standard function types using arithmetic operations. For example, build a function that models the temperature of a cooling body by adding a constant function to a decaying exponential, and relate these functions to the model.
  • HSF.BF.A.1.c (+) Compose functions. For example, if T(y) is the temperature in the atmosphere as a function of height, and h(t) is the height of a weather balloon as a function of time, then T(h(t)) is the temperature at the location of the weather balloon as a function of time.(+)
• HSF.BF.B.3 Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them.
• HSF.BF.B.4 Find inverse functions.
  • HSF.BF.B.4.a Solve an equation of the form f(x) = c for a simple function f that has an inverse and write an expression for the inverse. For example, f(x) =2 x³ or f(x) = (x+1)/(x-1) for x ≠ 1.
  • HSF.BF.B.4.b (+) Verify by composition that one function is the inverse of another.(+)
  • HSF.BF.B.4.c (+) Read values of an inverse function from a graph or a table, given that the function has an inverse.(+)
  • HSF.BF.B.4.d (+) Produce an invertible function from a non-invertible function by restricting the domain.(+)
• HSF.LE.A.4 For exponential models, express as a logarithm the solution to ab^ct = d where a, c, and d are numbers and the base b is 2, 10, or e; evaluate the logarithm using technology.★

Unit 4: Inferences and Conclusions from Data 9 standards

• HSS.ID.A.4 Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate. Use calculators, spreadsheets, and tables to estimate areas under the normal curve.
• HSS.IC.A.1 Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.
• HSS.IC.A.2 Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up with probability 0.5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model?
• HSS.IC.B.3 Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.
• HSS.IC.B.4 Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.
• HSS.IC.B.5 Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.
• HSS.IC.B.6 Evaluate reports based on data.
• HSS.MD.B.6 (+) Use probabilities to make fair decisions (e.g., drawing by lots, using a random number generator).(+)
• HSS.MD.B.7 (+) Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts (e.g., product testing, medical testing, pulling a hockey goalie at the end of a game).(+)

Standards for Mathematical Practice apply to every grade and course

• MP1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
• MP2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
• MP3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
• MP4 Model with mathematics.
• MP5 Use appropriate tools strategically.
• MP6 Attend to precision.
• MP7 Look for and make use of structure.
• MP8 Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Read what each practice means